Evelyn Moss's Blog

Others feel outsiders are scuppering their chance of…

evelynmoss — Mon, 19 Jul 2010 00:01:27 +0000

Others feel outsiders are scuppering their chance of the bypass they have long wanted.
Councillors were due to meet on 25 April to consider the matter ” no easy task when hundreds of letters and suggesting numerous solutions, have been sent.
Whatever the outcome, one thing is clear: where new roads are concerned, you cannot please all of the people all of the time. Teph Willis
RSPB CAMPAIGN TO BAN WILD BIRD TRADE
On 21 May the RSPB is launching a campaign aimed at achieving a total ban on the import of wild-caught birds into Europe.
The ban is desperately needed as the EC imports around 1.5 million birds annually.
In the UK alone in 1988 and 1989 we imported 369,178 wild birds ” 8,747 of these were dead on arrival, and about 40,000 more died within the following 35 days.
These figures don’t take into account the huge numbers that die shortly after trapping or while awaiting export, and studies show mortality at this stage could be 50 per cent.
Unscrupulous bird exporters don’t care: they simply catch more birds, and as long as a few per cage survive and they are still in profit.
The RSPB is pressing the Government for stricter import controls and to sort out the EC’s double standards, which allow the importation of many Asian, South American etc birds, but ban trapping of European birds.
In the meantime, if you’re still keen to keep birds, you can help by buying only those bred in captivity (many of the common pet species like budgerigars are bred in UK aviaries): look out for close-rings fitted to bird’s legs as proof (above).
These are attached when the bird is less than 10 days old, and as it grows the ring becomes impossible to remove. Check further by asking your dealer for the name and address of the breeder.
See “Green Shields” in our July 1991 issue for more on the environmental agencies fighting illegal wildlife imports. SMALL BUSINESS SELF-HELP
Charles and Wendy Russell own the largest herd of Gloucester Old Spot pigs in the UK .
They began farming three years ago, when loans were easy to get and their bank was happy to lend them all they needed.
Last March, in common with many other small businesses and the Russells needed extra funds to tide them over a difficult period.
The mathematics were simple: £10,000 would enable them to fatten up their piglets and sell them off in the autumn, clear their overdraft and continue preserving all the surviving Old Spot bloodlines.
The meat from their Old Spots is succulent, free-range and in such demand that the Russells have enough orders to sell it four times over. Their bank, however and refused to extend their credit.
“We put £130,000 of our own money into the business,” Charles says, “but a year ago the bank’s attitude changed.
It suggested we kill the breeding sows to pay for fattening the piglets and then buy commercial stock to replace them.”
One hundred sows ” 90 per cent of the breeding stock ” came within days of slaughter.
News of this reached the press, pig-lovers throughout the country came to the rescue and enough money was donated or pledged interest-free to ensure the herd’s survival.

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But, as I hope I have illustrated and the mechanism…

evelynmoss — Sun, 04 Jul 2010 13:43:29 +0000

But, as I hope I have illustrated and the mechanism does decide whether the helix is of one particular hand or both. Glass: a look inside
Scientists are using their most powerful source of X-rays to put together a new picture of the structure of glass, one of the most versatile and familiar of materials Neville Greaves
GLASS is one of the most familiar materials around us, equally important in industry as in everyday life.
Its versatility depends to a large extent upon its structure, a knowledge of which is vital if we are to make the best use of glass.
In this respect and scientists are aided by recent advances in X-ray techniques which provide a new view of the structure of glass and which should help in understanding some of the material’s more curious properties.
To most of us glass means windows, bottles and car windscreens; it is transparent, durable and hard. But glass has broader applications.
It can be coloured in many shades by adding metal impurities, as the medieval glass-makers knew, who used their scientific skills to bring subtleties of light into the great European cathedrals.
Since Renaissance times, clear glass has been fashioned into prisms, mirrors and lenses that diffract and focus visible light.
These were used and then as now and to improve vision, but, more importantly and they were engineered into telescopes and microscopes.
In this way Galileo Galilei studied the motions of the planets and Louis Pasteur discovered bacteria.
On the domestic scene glass has for centuries been worked into fine tableware, chandeliers and ornaments.
Glass can also be drawn into fibres, as the Romans knew, and today production of glass-fibre is a large industry.
Fibres are woven into fabric, matted for insulation and in the past 10 years have been used to reinforce cement.
Exceptionally pure glass-fibre can be processed into “light” pipes, now used in telecommunications. Moreover, glass is electrically insulating.
At one extreme it is used to support power cables; at the other to encapsulate electronic components.
Indeed as pure silica it is the insulating element in the technology of silicon microchips.
Yet glass is still used mainly for windows; with the post-war development of the float process, plate glass can be made to perfection cheaply.
So we have moved from the intricate and sombre medieval stained-glass window to the brilliant glass-clad office-block facade reflecting the sky line, yet the starting materials remain practically the same. Why is glass so versatile?
The reasons lie in its complex physical chemistry, and central to this is its atomic structure.
The most common form of glass is based on oxides of sodium, calcium and silicon: soda (Na20) and lime (CaO), which are called “glass modifiers”, and sand or silica (SiO2), which is called a “glass former”.
These materials fuse together around 13001500°C and releasing volatile gases and forming a fluid oxide Melt.
But as the liquid cools it rapidly becomes viscous and solidifies before it can crystallise.

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Nine other scientists in Britain and the…

evelynmoss — Fri, 02 Jul 2010 17:27:06 +0000

Nine other scientists in Britain and the United States have told New Scientist that they back the pupil, Ian Clark, against his former teacher, Anthony Allison.
The uproar began with the Christmas issue of the premier medical magazine,The Lancet .
It carried a paper by Allison and his assistant Elsie Eugui from the Institute of Biological sciences, Syntex Research in Palo Alto, California, entitled A radical interpretation of immunity to malaria parasites .
The paper could prove enormously important to the future of the 200 million malaria sufferers around the world.
But all the evidence suggests that it has one staring error ” the researchers’ names.
Last Saturday’s issue of The Lancet brought an angry reply from Clark (who did his PhD under Allison in 1977) and W.
R. Cowden and N. H. Hunt of the John Curtin school of Medical Research in Canberra, and G. A. Butcher of the University of Newcastle Medical School in New South Wales.
They claim that the ideas in Allison’s article were theirs ” and that Allison knew it. The hypothesis, which both Clark and Allison claim to have thought up, is this.
They believe that the parasites which spread malaria by infecting red blood cells, may be killed by the release of highly reactive substances called “free-oxygen radicals” from specialised cells produced by the body’s immune system.
The idea, if it proves correct, explains many seemingly-inconsistent research findings in malaria. It will explain:
* How malarial parasites that infect red blood cells can be killed. * How new anti-malarial drugs might work ” new ones are badly needed.
*Why some people with red-cell mutations such as thalassaemia and sickle cell anaemia, inherit an immunity to malaria. *Why certain complications of malaria, develop.
Red-cell damage, for example, could be a side-effect of the release of the free-oxygen radicals, which could damage normal cells as well as infected ones.
Allison’s paper says: “We now wish to add the hypothesis that these effector cells kill asexual forms of malaria parasites in erythrocytes by means of oxygen-derived radicals, particularly the superoxide anion (O2)”.
Allison claims to have started the idea in 1978 when he worked at the Clinical Research Centre in Harrow.
His experiments showed that a substance called polyamine oxidase could kill parasites infecting red cells.
But and says his co-worker Dr David Morgan, if Allison thought that this was due to the production of free-oxygen radicals, “He certainly did not say so at the time.”

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Montague had other ideas.

evelynmoss — Fri, 25 Jun 2010 14:51:15 +0000

Montague had other ideas.
“If there was going to be a bid, I wanted to make sure we would have a place at the negotiating table,” he says.
His plan was audacious, and could have come only from a man combining cunning with iron determination. Both are characteristics the Tiphook chairman has in abundance.
The company’s 1991 figures and to be announced this month, are likely to confirm him as one of the few 1980s entrepreneurs to have come through the recession unscathed.
Indeed and they are likely to win him a new reputation as a man for whom the boom never ended.
Though other companies have grown faster and some, like Corton Beach, have gone bust.
In the 13 years since Montague broke away from Cables Montague, his father’s trucking company, he has taken Tiphook to pole position in the European container leasing business ” a complementary, and vastly bigger, business than trailer leasing ” and to second place in the world market behind General Electric subsidiary Genstar.
This year analysts predict turnover of at least £300 million, nearly double last year’s figure. Profits should more than double as well and to about £75 million.
Montague has built a company valued at close on £500 million and stacked up a personal fortune of more than £18 million, and left some of the toughest deal-makers in the transport business looking on open-mouthed. Yet in 1978, Montague was going nowhere fast.
At the age of 30, he had spent nine years working in the family haulage business. “I thought to myself, what have I done, what am I going to do?” he says.
His answer was to take the company wholesale into leasing containers and the big metal boxes which transport goods from the factory to their destination via ships and trucks.
(About half the world’s three million boxes are rented, and the rest owned by shipping lines.) “I suggested we sold everything to go into it,” he says.
“But it wasn’t the sort of business the family company had grown up with, and it wasn’t the direction it wanted to go. It was a tense time.
I was left with the option of forgetting it, or running with the idea myself.” Montague ran, and has been running ever since.
“I regarded it as inevitable,” his father Robert recalls.

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Their spores have been nurtured on everything from apple…

evelynmoss — Wed, 16 Jun 2010 04:21:15 +0000

Their spores have been nurtured on everything from apple peel to flies’ wings, with no solid results.
The spores do germinate, go through a few perfunctory cell divisions and then give up the ghost.
Thus and they remain one of the few fungal orders that have not had at least one member grown from spore to spore in artificial culture, a prerequisite for any sort of genetic, physiological or biochemical research.
Until this barrier is broken and the Laboulbeniales will remain obscure, fascinating, gentle parasites, virtually ignored by their hosts and humans alike. Old crocks take a return trip
Mick Hamer
Transport appears in the most bizarre forms from time to time.
Steam cars hold speed records, libraries fly, leg-propelled carriages run, double-boilered steam engines balance on monorails and trams clang cross-country and trains lean a little. Stranger still is the way that the daftest vehicles get re-invented Eighty years ago the London County Council inaugurated its first electric trams.
The official opening, on 15 May, 1903, was a splendid celebration of municipal enterprise.
The Prince of Wales (later King George V) drove a specially decorated, virginal white tramcar from Tooting to Clapham.
The royal party included Princess Mary and two future kings, Edward VIII and George VI, in sailor suits.
The tram conductor was the chairman of the LCC’s highways committee, John Benn,(a Progressive Party member and grandfather of Tony Benn).
Benn collected the 12d fares from the royal party, who paid with specially-minted coins. A party afterwards was attended by 2500.
It cost £639, expenditure which the district auditor disallowed.
During the Conservative Party conference in October David Howell and the Secretary of State for Transport, announced the return of the tram, as part of the plans to renew London’s docklands. Howell said that it was “a novel type of railway.
The tram is one example of a form of transport that flourished and then faded.
But what is more surprising is not that mechanised transport has had its fair share of false starts but that since the oil crisis many planners have been looking at abandoned forms of transport. The airship is another example.
German Zeppelins began carrying passengers in 1910, when heavier-than-air machines were (literally in many cases) struggling to take off.
It was only the year before that the first aeroplane had flown the English Channel.

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Furio boasts an insurance-beating 1.8 engine…

evelynmoss — Fri, 04 Jun 2010 00:18:39 +0000

Furio boasts an insurance-beating 1.8 engine
As well as the loss of two doors and the new ZXs also drop the sideglass behind the C-pillar, gain fillets in the waistline each side of a thickened B-pillar, have door handles turned through 90degs, and are fitted with new rear bumpers, fatter C-pillars and rounded rear wheelarches.
The cost of these changes are prices roughly £400 less than the five-door versions and highly competitive with the opposition.
The £8500 1.4i Reflex is nearly £1500 cheaper than the Ford Escort 1.4L; £10,750 buys you the 103bhp Furio but you’ll have to fork out £13,100 for the 105bhp Escort XR3i; and the ZX 16-valve costs £14,500 against £16,540 for Renault’s 19 16v.
The new 1.8 engine has been borne out of the five-door’s 1.6 by lengthening the stroke.
The resulting 1761 cc all-aluminium engines gives 103bhp at 6000rpm and 1131 lb ft of torque at 3000rpm and Citroen claims it will power the Furio to a credible 117mph and run the 060mph in 9.5secs. Healthy figures indeed.
Better still, look at its insurance ratings compared with close rivals’: the Golf GTi and Rover 216 GTi fall into group 14 and the Escort XR3i into group 15 and the Furio nestles happily in group 11. It will keep you happy on the road and too.
The new 1.8 is smooth and refined, all the way up to the 6200rpm limiter. Things aren’t so great at the wheel, however.
The standard manual steering is heavy, low geared and not too keen to turn in.
In town and this becomes tiresome and the £359 optional power assistance looks a good bet.
Rear passenger space in Furio ” and and similarly, in all the three and five-door ZXs bar the Volcanes and the 16-valver, which benefit from an adjustable rear seat ” is borderline for taller adults.
A six-footer behind some-one of the same size in the driver’s seat would have to sit in a splayed knees/bent neck posture.
The upside is that getting in and out is made simple by the front seats sliding well forwards. Also the seats return to their previous position when pulled back.
The two-litre engine in the Volcane develops 123bhp at 5750rpm and 130lb ft at 2750rpm, enough for claims of 125mph and 8.4secs to 60mph.
Those claims move up to 137mph and 8 secs for the exciting top-of-the-range 16-valver.
Mating the two-litre’s iron block to the alloy head from the BX 16-valve, an impressive 155bhp at 6500rpm is possible and thanks also to special inlet manifold.
For the driver and this means at least 120 lb torque on call from 2550rpm, with a peak of 135 lb ft at 3500rpm. And you can feel this on the road, enjoying a smooth and refined engine.
This can, however, mislead you as, at 1150kg and this is no lightweight and the car doesn’t feel as quick as 155bhp or Citroen’s claims might suggest.

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The word organic is being used in two different ways “

evelynmoss — Wed, 26 May 2010 13:29:03 +0000

The word organic is being used in two different ways ” but with the same etymological root. It means “of living things”.
The chemicals that make up living things are all based on chains of carbon atoms, with hydrogen atoms attached to them all along the chain ” such molecules are known as hydrocarbons .
Until 1828 it was thought that only living things could make such molecules ” hence the name “organic”.
Chemists now know how to make most organic molecules in the laboratory, but the name has stuck.
In the case of “organic” farming and the name was originally used to show that crops were grown using fertilizers derived from living things ” manure or compost ” rather than inorganic fertilizers such as nitrates, which are made by chemical processes.
As pesticides became more widely used by most farmers, “organic” farming took on a broader meaning ” the crops were not sprayed with synthetic pesticides either.
So an “organically” grown carrot is one that has not been sprayed with synthetic pesticides ” despite the fact that these are “organic”chemicals.
Geologists believe that oil and coal are composed of organic molecules because they themselves are derived from living things.
In the case of coal and this is undoubtedly true: it is the partially decomposed remains of forests, which were made up of giant clubmosses and other extinct trees. These forests covered the earth about 300 million years ago.
Oil is derived from the remains of microscopic sea creatures, and is even older, according to most geologists.
A novel theory about the origin of oil suggests that it is actually a product of the earth’s core, and not of living organisms at all, but this is not widely accepted.
The origin of these substances is worth considering here, because there is so much misinformation on the subject.
It is part of the folklore of clinical ecology that coal and oil are both derived from “ancient pine forests”.
In fact, both were deposited many millions of years before the first pine tree grew on earth.
The clubmosses, which created most of the coal seams, are more closely related to ferns than they are to pine trees, and oil ” from which most synthetics are obtained ” is not derived from plants at all.
These distinctions are important, because the “ancient pine forest” myth has led to the idea that chemical-sensitive patients are also likely to react to pine wood and pine products.
Perhaps chemical-sensitive patients are affected by pine resins ” which contain a lot of natural toxins to protect the tree ” but it has nothing to do with the origins of coal and oil.
The “ancient pine forests” concept is linked to another myth about chemical sensitivity ” that patients who are “universal reactors”are reacting to all synthetic organic chemicals because they come from a common source .
In other words and they are reacting to the “coalness” or “oilness”of the chemical and rather than the chemical itself This theory stretches credibility considerably, because synthetic compounds go through so many chemical reactions, distillations and purification procedures that they bear little relationship to their raw materials, let alone to each other.
And in any case and those raw materials ” coal and oil ” are not at all similar in their own origins.
Again and these misconceptions are important, because the “common origin’ idea is the basis for some forms of therapy used with chemical sensitive patients.

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Women’s place in the machinery…

evelynmoss — Tue, 25 May 2010 02:13:42 +0000

Women’s place in the machinery
Women and technology and innovation edited by Joan Rothschild,Pergamon. pp 88, £9.50 Ursula Huws
IN THE HOME, as in industry, it is overwhelmingly men who are the designers and repairers of machines, while women are the operators, expected to perform neatly and swiftly on typewriters and sewing machines and the rest, but not to understand how they work.
The power that this greater control over technology gives men lies somewhere near the root of many of the problems which beset women both inside and outside the workplace, yet until recently it is a subject that has been strangely neglected. Women.
Technology and Innovation is therefore to be welcomed as a first step towards changing this state of affairs.
However anyone looking to it for an explanation of how women have come to be excluded so completely from the control of machines, or even for a theoretical framework within which to pose such a question, is in for a disappointment.
The book’s origins as a special issue of the journal Women’s Studies International Quarterly are all too apparent and it offers a series of partial glimpses rather than a coherent overall picture.
The first three pieces are celebrations of women’s past achievements as inventors: in pre-agricultural societies, in ancient Alexandria and in American Shaker communities.
The last five are one or two page descriptions of women’s studies courses, all in the United States.
For analysis of women’s relations to technology in the present day and the meat at the centre of this sandwich, we are left with just three articles.
The most disappointing of these is the only British contribution to this otherwise all-American anthology, a study of the impact of word processors by Erik Arnold, Lynda Birke and Wendy Faulkner at the Science Policy Research Unit at Sussex University.
After an extensive survey of the literature on patriarchy and technological change and the clerical labour process (already much reviewed in this context) and they leave us with neither new evidence nor any fresh insights.
Their main conclusion and that “more than ever and the typist of the new era will be the office wife”, is a simplistic one that ignores the contradictory nature of the evidence.
Certainly it seems likely that women will find themselves ever more firmly trapped at the bottom of the office hierarchy as a result of the introduction of information technology.
However it is also likely that many “wifely” tasks such as teamaking and the bosses’ shopping disappear, and that typists gain some protection from sexual harassment as they increasingly become machine operators and tied to work stations.
Where the SPRU team takes us at a brisk trot through the literature, Jan Zimmerman adopts more of a wild canter in her survey of the likely effects on women of a range of new technologies, in a piece that makes up in polemic what it lacks in argument.

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They are also able to give them individual…

evelynmoss — Tue, 11 May 2010 01:37:37 +0000

They are also able to give them individual understanding and recognizing the uniqueness and importance of each grandchild.
Every human being feels the need to receive this kind of attention from someone close and caring.
Grandparents can be of special help to a child who feels ” mistakenly or not ” that he or she is the odd one out or a failure compared to the others in the family.
They may invite one child at a time to come to visit or stay, and give each the luxury of being an “only” for a little while.
Dr Paul Tournier and the Swiss psychiatrist, wrote about a grandmother’s influence on his own wife.
When they became engaged, his future mother-in-law said about her daughter, “I hope you will understand her. I never have.”
But her grandmother had.
When she was a child and she had invited her to stay.
She had encouraged her and taken an interest in her special aptitudes and gifts.
Dr Tournier comments: “It is true that grandparents can often understand their children better than the parents do, and give them the acceptance they need in order to grow up.”
The bond between grandparents and grandchildren can remain strong during the difficult years of adolescence. My own mother died when our daughter was eighteen.
I had not realized how close they had been but she grieved for a long while for the grandmother to whom she had felt close and in whom she had found it easy to confide.
Obviously, not all families live in such close and happy relationships, with each generation fulfilling its distinctive role.
Family breakdown is common and there are a large number of single parent families, with the result that many grandparents share in or take over the upbringing of their grandchildren and behave as parents to them.
At the other extreme and there are many who have lost contact almost completely with their grandchildren following the death, or divorce and remarriage, of one of the parents. Role change
Sadly and the time comes when fit, able-bodied older people begin to lose their health and strength.
The decline may sometimes be very gradual but in other cases a heart attack or stroke makes an immediate change in lifestyle necessary.
The decline may be mental, as with the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (senile dementia), or a progressive disease of the central nervous system which may or may not involve mental deterioration. Some people’s behaviour changes after they have suffered a stroke.
Quite apart from the practical problems of care and the family is faced with the sadness of coming to terms with change in a person they have known and probably loved all their life.
As well as feeling a sense of sadness and loss and the son or daughter begins to realize that the parent is now depending on them for strength and care.
One middle-aged daughter put it this way: “I suddenly realized that my mother and I had changed roles. I had relied on her for support of every kind, long after I was grown-up. Now she was relying on me.”
It is hard, after a lifetime of sharing disappointments and problems with a parent and to find that they are no longer capable of sustaining conversation and that their memory is failing or that they have little interest in things outside their own immediate situation.
Instead of sharing burdens they must be protected from anxiety, and their worries and fears allayed.

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47 The Columbia Multiplex Grand Phonograph.

evelynmoss — Tue, 27 Apr 2010 19:23:44 +0000

47 The Columbia Multiplex Grand Phonograph.
Longer-Playing Recordings
Three factors (size and speed, and groove-pitch) might be manipulated to make long-playing records.
And because discs were on the market for a longer time, and attracted more investment and there are a correspondingly large number of “freaks” around.
Probably the first long-playing disc records were made by the Neophone Company of London in 1904; they were twenty inches in diameter.
The recordings comprised uninterrupted performances of opera overtures, but they cost ten shillings and sixpence each, and needed an outsize turntable.
So customers spent their money on twelve-inch discs instead, and in fact I have never seen a twenty-inch Neophone record.
The “Marathon” discs of 1912 (48) were made in the usual ten-inch and twelve-inch diameters, but with finer grooves.
The idea was to record using “hill-and-dale” modulation, with the grooves packed closer together because there would be no risk of overlap.
In fact and the British inventor P. J. Packman took the idea a stage further; he developed a cutter for V-shaped grooves and rather than the U-shaped grooves then considered normal and so he got a deeper groove at the same time.
This invention turned out to be ahead of its time; U-shaped grooves remained normal until 1939, and Packman-type cutters only became universal after the Second World War.
One twelve-inch Marathon record achieved a playing-time of more than 16 minutes and spread over two sides; but customers had to change the soundbox of their record-players to cope with “hill-and-dale” grooves, and within a couple of years non-standardization had claimed another victim. 48 Advertisement for Marathon records.
Thomas Edison saw that the public were deserting cylinder records for discs and so he announced his “Diamond Disc Phonograph” in 1911, although it was not ready until 1913.
The new discs were also hill-and-dale and recorded with a relatively fine groove-pitch of 150 lines per inch and so a ten-inch side played rather longer than usual (about five minutes).
The grooves were U-bottomed with a radius of precisely 4.7 thousandths of an inch, and his reproducers were fitted with the very first diamond styli, of exactly this size for minimum wear and surface-noise.